1. Mac Os Mojave
2. Convergence Compulsion Mac Os X

Thirty years ago today, Apple released its first Macintosh computer. To commemorate the launch, Apple has created an extensive timeline of the computers over the years, including customer testimonials, high-resolution images, and estimated usage data for every machine. Apple executives have also given several interviews to various outlets, the most interesting of which so far ran over at Macworld yesterday.

Apple Worldwide Marketing SVP Phil Schiller, Software Engineering SVP Craig Federighi, and Software Technology VP Bud Tribble all sat down with Macworld's Jason Snell to talk about where the Mac has been and where it's going.

Convergence is also available in a free version that only allows up to 4 bands of compression and only 2x oversampling. Head over to the product page here to download it for free. Available in LV2, VST2, VST3, AU, and AAX formats on Linux, Windows and MacOS. “The Macintosh software will have all of the same features as the Windows version, including print-to-Web and broadcast-to-Web software,” Joshua Siegel, Digital:Convergence spokesperson, told.

“An incredible amount of thought and creativity went into the original Mac metaphor,” said Tribble. “So there are some extremely strong threads of DNA that have lasted for 30 years. The sign of the strength of them and the underlying principles behind them—that the Mac should be easily approachable and learnable by just looking at it, that it should bend to the will of the person and not bend the person’s will to the technology—those underlying threads also apply to our other products.”

The Mac nostalgia even extends to the company's veiled jabs. Although Google and Android have long since displaced Microsoft and IBM as the main threats to Apple's bottom line these days, both Schiller and Federighi made some not-so-subtle pokes at Windows 8 and the direction of the wider PC ecosystem. Federighi said that the Mac's interface had been designed to be used with keyboards, mice, and Apple's trackpads and implied that touchscreen Macs wouldn't be coming down the pike any time soon.

“It’s obvious and easy enough to slap a touchscreen on a piece of hardware, but is that a good experience?” asked Federighi. “We believe, no.”

The execs also scoffed at the idea that Apple's desktop and mobile operating system software should converge into one, even though OS X has imported several iOS features and design cues since OS X 10.7 was released in 2011. This was an obvious swipe at Windows 8, which has received criticism from some corners for marrying its tablet-focused touchscreen interface to Windows' classic mouse-and-keyboard desktop UI.

“To say [OS X and iOS] should be the same, independent of their purpose? Let’s just converge, for the sake of convergence? [It’s] absolutely a nongoal,” said Federighi. “You don’t want to say the Mac became less good at being a Mac because someone tried to turn it into iOS.'

By the same token, Federighi stressed that OS X and iOS would continue to share features and ideas where appropriate, much as they do today in the form of services like iCloud or apps like Notes. 'You don’t want to feel like iOS was designed by [one] company and Mac was designed by [a different] company, and they’re different for reasons of lack of common vision,' he said. This points to a future where OS X might pick up some more of iOS 7's design cues—as we pointed out in our review of Mavericks, OS X 10.9 is stuck somewhere between the new, flat aesthetic and the old heavily textured one—but not one where OS X features like freely installable non-App Store apps and command line access are suddenly yanked away from users.

As with any forward-looking statements about products that Apple makes, none of this is set in stone—Apple has been known to talk down certain ideas just before turning around and releasing its own products centered on those ideas. Still, if you've been worried about Windows 8-style convergence in Apple's operating systems, rest assured that Apple doesn't seem interested in heading in that direction.

The full interview is worth a read. If you're looking for other anniversary material, Senior Reviews Editor Lee Hutchinson recommends folklore.org, a collection of stories about the original Macintosh started by original Macintosh team member Andy Hertzfeld. The teardown artists at iFixit have also gotten into the spirit of things with a teardown of the original Macintosh, which is replete with their typical high-resolution images, a repairability score (7 out of 10), and griping about RAM soldered to the motherboard (some things never change). Once you've finished with all of that, go ahead and tell us about your first Mac in the comments below, if only to prevent the discussion from breaking out into an old-school Mac-versus-PC flame war.

The Macintosh II is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from March 1987 to January 1990. Based on the Motorola 68020 32-bit CPU, it is the first Macintosh supporting color graphics. When introduced, a basic system with monitor and 20 MB hard drive cost US$5,498 (equivalent to $12,373 in 2019). With a 13-inch color monitor and 8-bit display card the price was around US$7,145 (equivalent to $16,079 in 2019).^[1] This placed it in competition with workstations from Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems, and Hewlett-Packard.

The Macintosh II was the first computer in the Macintosh line without a built-in display; a monitor rested on top of the case like the IBM PC and Amiga 1000. It was designed by hardware engineersMichael Dhuey (computer) and Brian Berkeley (monitor) and industrial designerHartmut Esslinger (case).

Eighteen months after its introduction, the Macintosh II was updated with a more powerful CPU and sold as the Macintosh IIx. In early 1989, the more compact Macintosh IIcx was introduced at a price similar to the original Macintosh II, and by the beginning of 1990 sales stopped altogether. Motherboard upgrades to turn a Macintosh II into a IIx or Macintosh IIfx were offered by Apple.

Development[edit]

Two common criticisms of the Macintosh from its introduction in 1984 were the closed architecture and lack of color; rumors of a color Macintosh began almost immediately.^[2]

The Macintosh II project was begun by Dhuey and Berkeley during 1985 without the knowledge of Apple co-founder and Macintosh division head Steve Jobs, who opposed expansion slots and color, on the basis that the former complicated the user experience and the latter did not conform to WYSIWYG—color printers were not common.^[3] He instead wanted higher-resolution monochrome displays.^[4]

Initially referred to as 'Little Big Mac', the Macintosh II was codenamed 'Milwaukee' after Dhuey's hometown, and later went through a series of new names. After Jobs was fired from Apple in September 1985, the project could proceed openly.

The Macintosh II was introduced at the AppleWorld 1987 conference in Los Angeles,^[5] with low-volume initial shipments starting two months later.^[6] Retailing for US $5,498,^[7] the Macintosh II was the first modular Macintosh model, so called because it came in a horizontal desktop case like many IBM PC compatibles of the time. Previous Macintosh computers use an all-in-one design with a built-in black-and-white CRT.

The Macintosh II has drive bays for an internal hard disk (originally 40 MB or 80 MB) and an optional second floppy disk drive. It, along with the Macintosh SE, was the first Macintosh to use the Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) introduced with the Apple IIGS for keyboard and mouse interface.

The primary improvement in the Macintosh II was Color QuickDraw in ROM, a color version of the graphics routines. Color QuickDraw can handle any display size, up to 8-bit color depth, and multiple monitors. Because Color QuickDraw is included in the Macintosh II's ROM and relies on 68020 instructions, earlier systems could not be upgraded to display color.

In September 1988, shortly before the introduction of the Macintosh IIx, Apple increased the list price of the Macintosh II by roughly 20%.^[8]

Hardware[edit]

CPU: The Macintosh II is built around the Motorola 68020 processor operating at 16 MHz, teamed with a Motorola 68881floating point unit. The machine shipped with a socket for an MMU, but the 'Apple HMMU Chip' (VLSI VI475 chip) was installed that did not implement virtual memory (instead, it translated 24-bit addresses to 32-bit addresses for the Mac OS, which would not be 32-bit clean until System 7).

Memory: The standard memory was 1 megabyte, expandable to 8 MB.^[9] The Mac II had eight 30-pin SIMMs, and memory was installed in groups of four (called 'Bank A' and 'Bank B').

The original Macintosh II did not have a PMMU by default. It relied on the memory controller hardware to map the installed memory into a contiguous address space. This hardware had the restriction that the address space dedicated to bank A must be larger than those of bank B. Though this memory controller was designed to support up to 16MB 30-pin SIMMs for up to 128MB of RAM, the original Macintosh II ROMs had problems limiting the amount of RAM that can be installed to 8MB. The Macintosh IIx ROMs that also shipped with the FDHD upgrade fixed this problem, though still do not have a 32-bit Memory Manager and cannot boot into 32-bit addressing mode under Mac OS (without the assistance of MODE32).^[10]MODE32 contained a workaround that allowed larger SIMMs to be put in Bank B with the PMMU installed. In this case, the ROMs at boot think that the computer has 8MB or less of RAM. MODE32 then reprograms the memory controller to dedicate more address space to Bank A, allowing access to the additional memory in Bank B. Since this makes the physical address space discontiguous, the PMMU is then used to remap the address space into a contiguous block.

Graphics: The Macintosh II includes a graphics card that supports a true-color 16.7 million color palette^[11] and was available in two configurations: 4-bit and 8-bit. The 4-bit model supports 16 colors on a 640×480 display and 256 colors (8-bit video) on a 512×384 display, which means that VRAM was 256 KB. The 8-bit model supports 256-color video on a 640×480 display, which means that VRAM was 512 KB in size. With an optional RAM upgrade (requiring 120ns DIP chips), the 4-bit version supports 640×480 in 8-bit color.^[12] The video card does not include hardware acceleration of drawing operations.

Display: Apple offered a choice of two displays, a 12' black and white unit, and a more expensive 13' high-resolution color display based on Sony's Trinitron technology. More than one display could be attached to the computer, and objects could be easily dragged from one screen to the next. Third-party displays quickly became available. The Los Angeles Times reviewer called the color 'spectacular.'^[13] The operating system user interface remained black and white even on color monitors with the exception of the Apple logo, which appeared in rainbow color.

Storage: A 5.25-inch 40 MB internal SCSI hard disk was optional, as was a second internal 800 kilobyte 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.

Expansion: Six NuBus slots were available for expansion (at least one of which had to be used for a graphics card, as the Mac II had no onboard graphics chipset and the OS didn't support headless booting). It is possible to connect as many as six displays to a Macintosh II by filling all of the NuBus slots with graphics cards. Another option for expansion included the Mac286, which included an Intel 80286 chip and could be used for MS-DOS compatibility.

The original ROMs in the Macintosh II contained a bug that prevented the system from recognizing more than one megabyte of memory address space on a Nubus card. Every Macintosh II manufactured until approximately November 1987 had this defect. This happened because Slot Manager was not 32-bit clean.^[14] Apple offered a well-publicized recall of the faulty ROMs and released a program to test whether a particular Macintosh II had the defect. As a result, it is rare to find a Macintosh II with the original ROMs.^{[citation needed]}

Accessories: The Macintosh II and Macintosh SE were the first Apple computers since the Apple I to be sold without a keyboard. Instead the customer was offered the choice of the new ADB Apple Keyboard or the Apple Extended Keyboard as a separate purchase. Dealers could bundle a third-party keyboard or attempt to upsell a customer to the more expensive (and higher-profit) Extended Keyboard.

Audio: The Macintosh II was the first Macintosh to have the Chimes of Death accompany the Sad Mac logo whenever a serious hardware error occurred.

The new extensions featured for the Macintosh II at the time were A/ROSE and Sound Manager.^{[citation needed]}

Models[edit]

The Macintosh II was offered in three configurations. All systems included a mouse and a single 800 KB 3.5-inch floppy disk drive; a 68551 PMMU was available as an option.^[15]

• Macintosh II CPU: 1 MB RAM.
• Macintosh II 1/40 CPU: 1 MB RAM, internal 40-megabyte SCSI HDD.
• Macintosh II 4/40 CPU: 4 MB RAM, internal 40-megabyte SCSI HDD.

Timeline of Macintosh II models

References[edit]

1. ^Edwards, Benj (June 7, 2012). 'The Macintosh II celebrates its 25th anniversary'. Macworld.
2. ^Bartimo, Jim (February 25, 1985). 'Macintosh: Success And Disappointment'. InfoWorld. p. 30. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
3. ^'The Color Convergence'.
4. ^Webster, Bruce (December 1985). 'Microcomputer Color Graphics-Observations'. BYTE. p. 405. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
5. ^'Local Area Networks Newsletter'. Vol. 5 no. 4. April 1987. p. 1.Cite magazine requires magazine= (help)
6. ^'Apple Begins Shipments Of Macintosh II Computer'. Wall Street Journal. May 8, 1987.
7. ^'Mac GUI :: Macintosh II and Macintosh SE announced'. macgui.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
8. ^Michael Wang (September 13, 1988). 'Apple price increases'. Newsgroup: comp.sys.mac. Usenet:3642@Portia.Stanford.EDU.
9. ^Apple Announces 68030 Macintosh IIx With High Density Compatible DriveArchived September 8, 2012, at archive.today by John Cook and Carol Cochrane, Business Wire 09/19/88 (retrieved September 20, 2009)
10. ^Series: The 24-bit ROM Blues by Adam C. Engst, Tidbits, April 22, 1991 (retrieved September 21, 2009)
11. ^'OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum'. www.old-computers.com. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
12. ^'Macintosh II High Resolution Video Card'. lowendmac.com. June 7, 1989. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
13. ^Magid, Lawrence J. (March 2, 1987). 'Apple's Two New Machines Are Dandy'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2019. ...the color is spectacular. Unlike most color monitors, it also displays very readable text.
14. ^InfoWorld Magazine, October 26, 1987, p.47
15. ^'Macintosh II - Product Details'(PDF). Apple.

External links[edit]

Mac Os Mojave

• Mac II profile on Low End Mac
• Macintosh II technical specifications at apple.com

Convergence Compulsion Mac Os X